\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a9 2006<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n \u0410uthor <\/strong><\/span><\/em>\u2013 Rozanov Nikolai Nikolaevich<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n The translations of titles, articles, books, citations, and statements by scientists may not match the official translations word for word, if such translations exist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Quasar<\/strong> \u2013 a quasi-stellar source of radio emission.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cTaking into account the distance to a quasar (Q)<\/strong><\/em>, the radiation power of a typical (Q)<\/strong> is:<\/span><\/p>\n i.e. the radiation of a quasar exceeds the combined emission of all stars in a large galaxy by a factor of 10 3<\/sup>\u201310 4<\/sup>.\u00a0 For quasar\u00a0 3C 273<\/strong>, X-ray emission of ~1046<\/sup> erg\/s<\/em><\/sub><\/span> was also detected.\u201d (FES, Moscow: \u201cSoviet Encyclopedia\u201d, 1984).<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cOne of the fundamental properties of quasars is the variability of their radiation in the radio, IR, and optical ranges (the shortest time variation \u03c4~1<\/strong><\/em><\/span> hour).<\/span><\/p>\n Since the size of an object variable in brightness cannot exceed c\u03c4<\/strong><\/em><\/span>, the dimensions of the quasar \u2264 4 \u00d7 1012<\/sup><\/strong>m<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/span> (i.e., smaller than the diameter of Uranus\u2019s orbit)<\/em>. The physical nature of quasar activity has not yet been fully revealed.\u201d ((20), p. 247)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cIt is not excluded that the mechanism of energy release in quasars is associated with gas accretion onto a massive black hole.\u201d ((17), p. 295).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \u201cAcademician V. A. Ambartsumian<\/strong> was among the first to point out the very important role of galactic nuclei in explaining radio emission and other manifestations of galactic activity. Therefore, quasars naturally fit into his concept. From this point of view, quasars may be considered \u2018naked\u2019 galactic nuclei, where, by means of an unknown mechanism, ordinary galactic matter is formed, and this process is accompanied by powerful explosions (note 1)<\/sup><\/em><\/span><\/a>. In this case, it was precisely the idea of the importance of explosive, non-stationary phenomena that played a great heuristic role and gained wide recognition\u2026 At the same time, new discoveries are still not proof of Academician V. A. Ambartsumian\u2019s<\/strong> hypothesis that stars and galaxies arise from hypothetical superdense D-bodies<\/strong>.\u201d ((16), pp. 62\u201363)<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cThe main striking feature of quasars is the enormous power of energy release in combination with small dimensions. At the same time, the quasar phenomenon cannot be likened to a short-term explosion such as a supernova. Images of the brightest quasars can be found on old sky photographic plates. It turned out that even on century-old plates, some quasars can be identified, and their average brightness has not changed significantly.\u201d \u2026 \u201cFrom these and other data it follows that quasars \u2018live\u2019 for no less than 107<\/sup> \u2013108<\/sup> years.\u201d ((16), p. 63)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \u201cThe efficiency of converting matter into radiation is maximal for substance\u2013antisubstance annihilation:<\/span><\/p>\n \u0415 = 100%.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n For nuclear fusion reactions it is less than 1%. Taking an average estimate<\/span><\/p>\n \u0415 \u2248 30%<\/em><\/span><\/strong>, <\/span><\/p>\n we obtain for the quasar mass<\/span><\/p>\n \u041c \u2265 108\u00f7109<\/strong> \\bigodot<\/span><\/span> \u041c <\/strong><\/em>\u00bb<\/span>, ((16)\u0441\u0442\u0440.64)<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n (inertial mass, since the gravitational one is an electrodynamic charge (Author)).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n \u201cSince this mass is contained in a volume of characteristic size 1013<\/sup>\u2013 1015<\/sup>m<\/em><\/sub><\/span><\/strong>, one might naturally imagine a quasar as a single, continuous body – a giant super-star. However, super-stars are unstable.\u201d ((16), pp. 64\u201365)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cModels of dense and extremely compact star clusters also cannot produce \u2018quasar-like\u2019 properties.\u201d ((16), pp. 65\u201366)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cOne of the most important characteristics of quasars – their powerful radio emission – was taken into account in the model proposed in 1964 by Academician V. A. Ginzburg<\/strong>. The emission of quasars indicates the presence of a large number of accelerated particles (mainly electrons)<\/strong><\/em>\u201d (and an equal number of positrons (Author)).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n \u201cThe basis of this model is the assumption of a single magnetoplasma body in which macroscopic motions – rotation and strong turbulence – occur.\u201d ((16), p. 67)<\/em>. A relic of this period is the phrase with which, to this day, some observers begin (or end) their articles: \u201cThere exist three models of a quasar: a super-star (magnetoid, spinar), a dense star cluster, and a black hole.\u201d It is better to acknowledge that there simply is no good model.\u201d ((16), p. 68)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Cygnus A<\/em><\/strong><\/span> is located about a billion light-years away from us, and the energy emitted in the radio range is enormous – comparable to the radiation energy of a trillion Suns. Since then many radio galaxies have been discovered; in some the radio source is located at the center, but most have a two-lobe structure: two radio-emitting regions positioned on opposite sides of the visible galaxy and separated by up to 10 million light-years. (See Appendix 7)<\/em><\/a> (note 2)<\/sup><\/em><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n The radio emission emitted by the two lobes of radio galaxies (quasars (Author))<\/strong> is of the so-called synchrotron type; it is produced by electrons in the material lobe (and by positrons in the antimatter lobe (Author)) moving in strong magnetic fields at speeds close to the speed of light. For electrons to reach such velocities they must somehow gain extremely high energy, and therefore it is customary to assume that the observed radio lobes consist of clouds of matter ejected from the nucleus of the central galaxy. Obviously such systems contain compact energy sources. Direct measurements have shown that radio source 3C 273 B<\/strong><\/em> (coinciding with the star-like object) itself consists of two lobes separated by only a few light-years, and from variations in quasar brightness it was established that the main energy source apparently has dimensions no larger than 1 light-year. How can a source so small emit as much light as hundreds of galaxies?\u201d\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cIn one of them, object OX 169<\/strong><\/em>, the X-ray brightness varies by a factor of 2\u20133 over a period of about 300 minutes; this means that the main energy source here must not exceed the size of the Solar System. Obviously quasars must contain some very compact and specific energy sources.\u201d ((33), pp. 134\u2013136)<\/em>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u0414-\u0442\u0435\u043b\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, (\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0412.\u0410.\u0410\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0430<\/strong> ((16)\u0441\u0442\u0440.63)<\/span><\/em>, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb ((12)\u0441\u0442\u0440.29-40)<\/span><\/em>, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 23760<\/strong><\/em><\/span> \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445.One could continue giving examples of the super-power of quasar \u201cD-bodies<\/strong>\u201d (according to Academician V. A. Ambartsumian\u2019s<\/strong> terminology ((16), p. 63)<\/em>, especially since the work \u201cDistribution of Quasars in the Universe and Cosmological Models\u201d ((12), pp. 29\u201340)<\/em> studies a database of 23 760 quasars<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n From the above in this section, two conclusions follow:<\/span><\/p>\n In work (12)<\/em><\/strong> by Zhuk N. A.<\/strong>, Moroz V. V.<\/strong>, Varaksin A. M.<\/strong>, the distance to galaxies and quasars is determined by the formula:<\/span><\/p>\n V<\/em> = V<\/em><\/span><\/strong>(0) <\/sub><\/em><\/span>\u00d7<\/span><\/strong>\u2113<\/strong><\/span><\/em>^{-(r\/R_{0})}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0(eq.19),<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n where<\/span><\/p>\n r<\/strong><\/em><\/span> = R<\/strong>(0)<\/sub><\/em> \u00d7 \u2113n<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0(1+Z) <\/span>((eq.20),2),<\/em><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/electromagnetic-universe-by-rozanov.space\/El_Un_by_R\/wp-content\/uploads\/flag-rus-100-50-1.jpg\")
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