{"id":8,"date":"2009-01-01T14:11:52","date_gmt":"2009-01-01T21:11:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/electromagnetic-universe-by-nnrozanov.org\/wp\/?page_id=8"},"modified":"2026-02-07T14:33:03","modified_gmt":"2026-02-07T13:33:03","slug":"2-physical-vacuum-and-birth-of-the-matter-substances-and-antisubstances2-el-vacio-fisico-y-el-nacimiento-de-las-particulas-de-la-materia-de-la-sustancia-y-de-la-antisustancia-2-%d1%84%d0%b8","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/electromagnetic-universe-by-rozanov.space\/El_Un_by_R\/?page_id=8","title":{"rendered":"Physical vacuum, the birth of matter particles, and the formation of substance and antisubstance"},"content":{"rendered":" Number of View - 142979
<\/span> 2,379<\/span> - Number of visitors<\/span><\/div>

\"\"<\/a> \u00a0<\/span>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"copyright_1.gif\"<\/p>\n

\u00a9<\/span> 2006<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0410uthor \u2013 Rozanov Nikolai Nikolaevich<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The translations of titles, articles, books, citations, and statements by scientists may not match the official translations word for word, if such translations exist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u201cThe physical vacuum represents an omnipresent polarization heterogeneous medium consisting of a homogeneous absolute physical vacuum and two modified physical vacua \u2014 substance and antisubstance. Local formations of one or another modified vacuum (called vacuum domains by the author) \u2018float\u2019 in the unbounded medium of the absolute physical vacuum.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

(V. L. Dyatlov (4)<\/strong> \u2014 from the annotation).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

In the article \u201cRelativity Theory and Its Generalizations\u201d<\/em> by E. Recami<\/strong> ((5) pp. 53\u2013128)<\/em>, it is stated: <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u201cFrom the requirement that superluminal reference frames make sense, it follows that there must exist such objects and tachyons which are at rest with respect to S<\/strong><\/span><\/em> and s<\/strong><\/em><\/span>, respectively. From the fact that luxons L<\/strong><\/em><\/span> possess the same velocity for any observer – s<\/strong><\/em><\/span> or S<\/strong><\/span><\/em> – one may conclude that a bradyon B(S)<\/em><\/strong><\/span>, with respect to S<\/strong><\/em><\/span>, will represent a tachyon T(s)<\/strong><\/em><\/span> with respect to any of the systems s<\/strong><\/span><\/em>, and vice versa:<\/span><\/p>\n

B(S) = T(s) ,\u00a0 T(S) = B(s) ,\u00a0 L(S) = L(s).<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This is consistent with the principle of duality, which we now supplement with the assertion: \u2018It is assumed that in the S<\/strong><\/span> reference frames there exist exactly the same physical objects as in the s<\/strong><\/span> frames, and vice versa.\u2019<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

In conclusion, let us note that when the same event is observed in systems s<\/span><\/strong><\/em> and S<\/strong><\/em><\/span>, timelike vectors are transformed into spacelike ones and vice versa when transitioning from s<\/span><\/strong><\/em> to S<\/strong><\/em><\/span> and from S<\/em><\/strong><\/span> to s<\/strong><\/em><\/span>. On the other hand, it is well-known that ordinary Lorentz transformations from s\u2081<\/strong><\/em><\/span> to s\u2082<\/span><\/strong><\/em> or S\u2081<\/em><\/strong><\/span> to S\u2082<\/span><\/strong><\/em> preserve the type of 4-vector<\/strong><\/em>. Therefore, one may say that subluminal Lorentz<\/strong> transformations must be such that:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b2 \u2261 u \/ \u0441<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

c2<\/sup>t‘2<\/sup>+ (ix’)2 <\/sup>= + [c2<\/sup>t2<\/sup>+(ix)2<\/sup>], \u00a0<\/strong>\u03b22 <\/sup>< 1, <\/span><\/em>(16 a)<\/em><\/span>,<\/p>\n

whereas superluminal Lorentz<\/strong> transformations (SLTs)<\/em> from s<\/strong><\/em><\/span> to S<\/span><\/strong><\/em> or from S<\/strong><\/em><\/span> to s<\/span><\/strong><\/em> must be such that:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0c2<\/sup><\/em>t‘2<\/sup>+(ix’)2 <\/sup>= – [c2<\/sup>t2<\/sup>+(ix)2<\/sup>],<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u03b22 <\/sup>> 1, <\/em><\/span>(16 b<\/span>)“<\/strong><\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n

Naturally, tachyons will also possess real rest masses, since they are ordinary particles with respect to their own rest frames – f<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, where f<\/strong><\/em><\/span> denotes superluminal reference systems. <\/span><\/p>\n

From equation (16b)<\/em>, applied to the 4-momentum vector<\/strong><\/em> for tachyons, one immediately obtains the relation:<\/span><\/p>\n

E2 <\/sup>–\u00a0P2\u00a0<\/sup>= -m_{0}^{2}<\/span> < 0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(with m\u2080<\/strong><\/span> real)<\/span>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Therefore we have:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Let us recall that any superluminal Lorentz<\/strong> transformation maps the interior of the light cone (P2 <\/sup>= 0)<\/em><\/strong><\/span> into the exterior region and vice versa. <\/span><\/p>\n

One may note:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0430)\u00a0The speed of light, of course, retains its character as the limiting kinematic parameter of our four-dimensional cosmos (even if it is known that this limit has two \u2018sides\u2019), as well as its role in comparing units of length and time for various observers;<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

b) Tachyons will slow down<\/strong> as their energy increases<\/strong>, and accelerate<\/strong> as it decreases.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

In particular, to reduce the speed of tachyons to the lower limit – C<\/strong><\/em>, an infinite amount of energy is required. On the other hand, when the velocity of a tachyon tends to infinity, its energy tends to zero. This prevents the violation of the general postulate stating that \u201cenergy can be transmitted only at a finite speed,\u201d since a tachyon possesses zero energy precisely for those observers to whom it appears to have infinite speed. Note that a bradyon can have zero momentum and minimal energy:<\/span><\/p>\n

m<\/span>0<\/sub> \u00d7 C2<\/sup><\/strong><\/em>,<\/span><\/p>\n

and a tachyon can have zero energy and minimal momentum: <\/span><\/p>\n

P0 <\/sub>\u00d7 C,<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

however, bradyons B<\/strong><\/em><\/span> cannot exist with zero energy, just as tachyons T<\/strong><\/em><\/span> cannot exist with zero momentum relative to those observers to whom they appear as tachyons. Hence it becomes clear that infinite velocity can be attributed only to tachyons corresponding to the intersection of the hyperboloid with the plane (E = 0)<\/strong><\/em><\/span> ((5) p.72\u2026)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Consider a tachyon with rest mass mo <\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/span>in its own rest frame and moving relative to us with velocity u<\/strong><\/em><\/span>; then we will see a mass:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

( \u03b22 <\/sup>> 1 ), m0<\/sub> <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is real<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Obviously, tachyons should be assigned real<\/strong>, not purely imaginary rest masses, provided that we take into account the corresponding superluminal Lorentz<\/strong> transformations ((5) p.74)<\/em>.<\/span>

\n\u201cOf course, the physical laws in SR<\/strong><\/em> can be written in a universal form valid both for bradyons and for tachyons, i.e., in a form that coincides with the usual form in the case of bradyons. For example, equation (24)<\/em>, given in G<\/strong><\/em><\/span>-covariant form:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\\left (\\beta^2\\ {_{<}^{>}}\\ 1\\right )<\/span>,<\/span> m0<\/sub> <\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0is real”<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

In section 5.1 Antimatter<\/em> ((5) p.78)<\/em>, E. Recami<\/strong> writes: <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u201cIt was shown above that the reinterpretation principle<\/em> (RJP) excludes any transmission of information into the past, even by means of tachyons, while it also makes it possible to predict – simply from considerations of relativity – the existence of antimatter\u201d ((5) p.87\u2026)<\/em>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u201cThe reinterpretation principle<\/em> (RJP) should be termed the property of elementary particles of matter stating that objects with negative velocity moving forward in time do not exist<\/strong>. Any object (P)<\/strong><\/em><\/span> with negative energy, moving backward in time, can and must be reinterpreted as its anti-object (P–<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\u00a0moving in the opposite spatial direction but endowed with positive energy and moving forward in time. Note that from our three postulates it follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Objects with positive energy moving backward in time do not exist.<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
  2. We not only can, but must apply the reinterpretation principle. Indeed, since we belong to the macrophysical world and therefore must \u2018explore\u2019 spacetime in the positive t<\/strong><\/span> direction, we cannot even \u2018see\u2019 a particle moving backward in time \u2014 we will always see its \u2018reinterpreted\u2019 antiparticle, moving forward in time.<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
  3. As already mentioned, the third postulate requires that physical signals be carried only by objects moving forward in time, or, equivalently, only by objects with positive energy. It is now clear that our reinterpretation principle ensures \u2014 by excluding the transmission of information into the past \u2014 the validity of the law of retarded causality (causes precede their effects).\u201d ((5) p.60).<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    If we recall the way antiparticles are obtained from their corresponding particles, one can conclude that antiparticles should formally be assigned negative rest masses<\/strong> (but, of course, positive total relativistic masses and energies). Let us remind for clarity that in covariant form for any free particle: <\/span><\/p>\n

    E = P<\/strong>0 <\/sub>= m<\/strong>0 <\/sub>u<\/strong>0 <\/sub>c<\/strong>2<\/sup><\/span> , <\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    where u<\/strong>0<\/sub><\/em><\/span> is the temporal component of the 4-velocity. A non-orthochronous Lorentz transformation L<\/strong><\/em><\/span>, which changes only the signs of all temporal components:<\/span><\/p>\n

    E’ <\/strong>= – E<\/strong> = m<\/strong>0 <\/sub>(-u<\/strong>0 <\/sub>)c<\/strong>2\u00a0<\/sup>= – m<\/strong>0 <\/sub>u<\/strong>0 <\/sub>c<\/strong>2<\/sup>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    Applying the reinterpretation principle so as to obtain the corresponding antiparticle, we finally have for the antiparticle:<\/span><\/p>\n

    E’ <\/strong>= –E’<\/strong> = (-m<\/strong>0 <\/sub>)(-u<\/strong>0 <\/sub>)c<\/strong>2<\/sup>,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    meaning that the antiparticle remains with negative rest mass<\/strong>, therefore one can write:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    Thus always: <\/span><\/p>\n

    E<\/strong> = + |m<\/strong>0<\/sub>|<\/strong> c<\/strong>2<\/sup> <\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    and if positive energies are correctly attributed both to electrons \\left ( \\overset{-}{e}\\right )<\/span>, and to positrons \\left (\\overset{+}{e} \\right )<\/span>, then the free Dirac<\/strong> equation leads to opposite quantum numbers for:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \\left ( \\overset{-}{e}\\right )<\/span> and \\left (\\overset{+}{e} \\right )<\/span>,<\/span><\/p>\n

    as required, but only under the condition:<\/span><\/p>\n

    m<\/strong>0 <\/sub><\/span>(fermion)<\/em> = – m<\/span><\/em><\/strong>0 <\/sub><\/span>(antifermion)<\/em> <\/span>((5) p.62).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    From the above quotations from Recami\u2019s article, one should recognize:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0430)\u00a0 \u201cPositive\u201d particles (proton and positron) are bradyons<\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0431)\u00a0 \u201cNegative\u201d particles (antiproton and electron) are tachyons<\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    According to Dyatlov\u2019s theory (4):<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    (Figure 1)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    domains of substance and antisubstance are absolutely equivalent and \u201cfreely float\u201d throughout the world space \u2014 the APV<\/strong> \u2014 and are separated by the light cone (Fig.1)<\/em>, i.e., they are in a state of superposition. Since bradyons, in their own rest frame, in the absence of external force, possess rest energy:<\/span><\/p>\n

    E<\/strong>(B<\/sub>)<\/sub> = m<\/strong>0 <\/sub>\u00d7 c2<\/sup>,<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 V<\/strong>(B<\/sub>)<\/sub> = 0<\/strong>,<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    and tachyons possess momentum: <\/span><\/p>\n

    P<\/strong>(T) <\/sub><\/em>= – m<\/strong>0\u00a0<\/sub>\u00d7 C<\/strong><\/em>, <\/span><\/p>\n

    in their own rest frame, and velocity:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    V<\/strong>0(T) <\/sub><\/em>= 0<\/strong>,<\/span>
    \n<\/span><\/p>\n

    since in this case the magnitude of momentum:<\/span><\/p>\n

    |P<\/strong>(T)<\/sub>| = m<\/strong>0 <\/sub>\u00d7 C <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <\/span><\/em>((5) \u0440.65).<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Next chapter<\/span><\/span> <\/span>>>>><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n